Let Mel guide us!


Certain anthropologists, or archaeologists work in the field of Mayanist studies, have claimed that the film Apocalypto, has anachronisms and underrates the sophistication of Maya culture.

I have no doubt they are probably right. But hey, nobody can be a hundred percent accurate in historical matters. Even if they believe they are, it might turn out that they are wrong in the light of new discoveries. And after all, a film is a fictional construct aiming to entertain the mass (to recover its production cost) and to convey a message (to realize the artistic ambition of the filmmaker). It does not bear any obligation to historians, not to mention that the historical material we possess does NOT yet have the authority of the History.

The strange and important thing for this film called Apocalypto is that, although it is meant to be a revelation, a divine disclosure to us human beings living in the chaotic twenty-first century, it can be viewed as simple as an action film set in a most exotic locale. How did Mel Gibson do that? Simple. Just wrap up a conventional, most engaging action setup with “ritualistic” observations. Following is a simple description of the four sections I find in the film.

The film begins with a hunting sequence and introduces us to the peaceful forest, its lovely inhabitants and their splendid life pattern. Basically your life consists of hunting tapir, making jokes to your fellow hunters, loving your wife (despite the grudges of your mother-in-law) and after dinner (tapir meat of course), sitting around a camp fire listening to the elder’s fables and then, finishing the day with a dance. 30 minutes.

The nightmare is doomed to come after all these luxuries, just as we witnessed in The Deer Hunter. At dawn, our happy villagers are either dead or turned into captives. The act of capture and deliver lasts about thirty minutes.

When they are approaching the city, we are presented with a girl who is “infected” and starts to prophesize, along with many other “city” scenarios. The sacrifice and the solar eclipse. Thirty minutes.

The next section is a flat out Hollywood action adventure. It shows how Jaguar Paw is able to escape his pursuers and kills them one by one in the typical Rambo fashion. 40 minutes.

The epilogue: Our hero, safely reunited with his wife and two children, looks thoughtfully at the sea where the Spanish is arriving with their conquistadors and priests. “Should we go to them?” his wife follows his eyes and asks. "We must go to the forest," he declares with the confidence of a war chief Almost-Noah, "and make a new beginning."

From the above summarization you will see that without the Rambo sequence the film is not going to make through the box office. Not that people are looking for an action adventure film here (I for example am not aware of its intention until he killed the third pursuer), but that a film just won’t sell without a proper catharsis.

The ending is sort of clever. It places the last piece of a puzzle work and allows us to see all of a sudden the whole picture. The city people are superior in their brutal forces, or may one call it the level of civilization, but here comes the men with bible (superior knowledge) and gun powder (superior force). The event depicted in this film is thus annexed to an atemporal pattern which can be applied to countless occasions in the human history. Imagine Jaguar Paw an Iraqi. Although his fellow villagers are easy to capture under the pressure of Black Hawks coming from the air and are consequently sacrificed in the altar of divine “democracy”, the impressive pyramid of the empire can be swept away easily by a few warships arriving from outer space.

This said. After forty minutes of intense action sequence intensified by the usual rescue montage, only a handful unsettled meaning-seekers would likely to notice this statement and that it is trying to give a message regarding our own civilization.

Mel Gibson is worth noting in the framework of Hollywood filmmaking, not because he is always trying to make a personal statement or forcing the audience to read subtitles, but because he established, and is still in the process of establishing a subversive visual style. Scenes of violence and gore are not a rarity any more, but somehow the majority of them are sort of cartoon-like. Monstrous creature is a staple on today’s screen: from the good King Kong, the stupid dinosaur, to the evil mechanical octopus. But none of them is really frightening. Nor are the cuirass-men fighting in Rome or Jerusalem. They are just visually too polished to be true and their act of violence can be expected in advance. Moreover, it is violence with little brutality and it produces a destruction of no consequence (NYC must have been destroyed a thousand times). Mel’s is a different animal. In all his three films brutality is always heavily pronounced and intentionally prolonged. Apparently David Cronenberg shares a similar view in his A History of Violence.


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杨亚洲何许人也?


一个电影爱好者若干年的大量电影吞噬活动,其最直接的一个后果,就是培养了一种对电影的“鉴别力”,这个鉴别,实际上就是对电影价值的一种判断,而这个判断不是源自于任何别人的教条,而是源自对大量原材料的反复接触和分析,在有意识的努力之下,很多这些判断可以上升为一种“美学

或多或少地形成一种“美学”,不论是有意还是无意的,都很难避免。但一旦这种美学形成了,他对观影活动有着怎样的影响呢?

最明显的,就是对某些人嗤之以鼻,对另一些人无限崇拜。

或者,对某些努力嗤之以鼻,对另一些无限向往。

比如,你可以对侯孝贤的长镜头和场景调度赞叹不已,而对好莱坞式神经质的正反打不屑一顾。

这个选择导致你倾向于定义某些电影是真正“电影的”,而其他则被你无情地扫出你所划定的“电影艺术”的圈子。

先不谈个人经历,背景和艺术修养的境界所导致的差异,这个所谓电影艺术的圈子,他真正存在吗?

前一段时间Paul SchraderFilm Comment上撰文,论建立经典电影库之必要性,最简单的理由,就是现在电影太多了,比蚂蚁还多,大家没时间一个一个看过来,那么在有限的时间里,还是看经典比较好。而这个经典,要依靠权威人士来编定,就好比当年哈佛经典文库的建立。Paul Schrader还说了什么,我现在已经不太记得了,好像也不是什么惊天动地的见识。只是到最后,他拿出一个单子,分作三档,金牌,银牌,铜牌,各二十面。

这个不看则已,一看让人倒抽一口凉气。

Jean Renoir被列为最不可缺少的导演,而La Règle du Jeu被列作第一名,号称是任何经典电影榜上不可缺少的作品。

我不知道我有没有资格也来弄一个经典榜,但是如果我要弄一个的话(等我快死了,再也不在乎别人对我拍砖),你很可能是在上面找不到La Règle du Jeu还有Jean CocteauOrpheus绝对也是要被我剔除。

原因?因为我不喜欢,实在是不喜欢。

我知不知道他们很重要?知道。

为什么重要?因为有很多人觉得他们很重要。他们还写了文章来解释这个重要性。

这些文章我看了没有?看了。。。一些吧。

那么看了之后我没有改变我的看法?没有。

我有没有资格,有没有必要坚持自己的看法?。。。。。。


现在说到杨亚洲。前一段时间杨亚洲来到蒙城,参加一个不怎么显赫的电影节(国内人民有所不知,这里电影节无数,但只有一个festival du nouveau cinema算得上有点规模)。最后倪萍抱得最佳女主角奖。

这个新闻我当然是不可避免地看到了,但是却从来没想过要去瞧瞧他们究竟弄出的是个什么名堂。杨亚洲,那不是拍电视剧的吗?倪萍,那不是干电视主持吗?他们在一起掺和电影,那电影能好到哪里去?

前几天,系里一位老教授(号称亚洲电影专家)邀大家去他家里看片,看的恰好就是杨亚洲这次拿到蒙城的“雪花那个飘”。冲着有酒喝,有牛吹,我去了,然后就有了若干的感想。

首先,存在这样一种电影,你既不会去仰慕他(因为问题很多),也不能完全贬斥他(因为颇有新意)。

其次,如果第一条不算什么,这个片子让我认识到,他的美学系统和我的完全不一样:他并不努力追求我认为应该追求的东西,也不尽量避免我认为最好避免的东西。杨亚洲有很强的喜剧意识,但他的喜剧,居然是建立在一个情节剧的骨架之上的。相对于纯喜剧,他不愿意放弃煽情;但说起脸谱化,它比疯狂的石头还要脸谱化一大截。他的脸谱化已经到了疯狂的程度,再配合一种让你啼笑皆非的诚恳,这个奇怪的混合体由此而散发一种强烈的能量,一种活力,如我们教授所说,是只有好莱坞电影里才能看到的(我觉得戈达尔也有)。

泥鳅也是鱼,据说在艺术性上要更胜一筹,我没有看到,但大概明白是什么意思。也不会影响我对这部影片的判断。

回到经典电影的话题,本来很多人就对Paul Schrader的名单大不以为然,我也觉得这个搞法很可疑(经典名单是个很私人的东西嘛,怎么可以拿出来给大家看)。现在看了杨亚洲同志的作品,更是坚定了这个看法。杨是肯定算不上经典的,但是有机会看,那还是要看一看,很有好处,相当解毒。


edit

Paradise gained


It turns out that China is the best place for a hardcore cinéphile to go, at least once per year.

Starting from last year (maybe), the production line has attained a new height in both the thoroughness of source material and the quality of presentation.

These “master box sets”, to which I am referring specifically to, could be the object of envy for any cinéphile around the world who is still dreaming of penniless and painless film collecting.

Packaging is one thing, although I do think it is convenient to have all works of a certain filmmaker INSIDE one single box, which at least prevents any accidental lost. But the most technically advantageous point of owning such a box set is that it is a combination, a remake of best available source material across multiple regions.

Let us take a example, Fassbinder. The films they have included in this box sets are:

1. Veronika Voss (1982)Region One Criterion Collection

2. Lola (1981)R1 CC

3. The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979)R1CC

4. BRD bonusR1 CC

5. The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant (1972)R1 Wellspring

6. Fist-Fight of Freedom (1975):F2 Carlotta

7. The Third Generation (1979)G2 ART HAUS

8. Mother Küsters Goes to Heaven (1975)F2 Carlotta

9. Fear Eats the Soul (1974)R1 CC

10. Love Is Colder Than Death (1969)R1 Wellspring

11. Satan’s Brew (1976)F2 Carlotta

12. The American Soldier (1970)F2 Carlotta

13. Beware of a Holy Whore (1971)R1 Wellspring

14. Chinese Roulette (1976)F2 Carlotta

15. Effi Briest (1974)F2 Carlotta

16. In a Year of 13 Moons (1978)F2 Carlotta

17. The Merchant of Four Seasons (1972)F2 Carlotta

18. Gods of the Plague (1970)F2 Carlotta

19. Niklashauser Fart, Die (1970)R1 Wellspring

20. Martha (1974)F2 Carlotta

21. Querelle (1982)R1

22. Lili Marleen (1981)G2 ART HAUS

23. Germany in Autumn (1978)G2 ART HAUS

24. The Stationmaster’s Wife (1977)R1

25. Fear of Fear (1975)R1 Wellspring

26. Whity (1971)R1

27. Pioniere in Ingolstadt (1971)R1

28. Water Drops On Burning Rocks2000R2

Except for the last one, which is actually made by Ozon, all these films form a substantial body of information adequate enough even for a Fassbinder expert. Unfortunately we are still missing Berlin Alexanderplatz. But we understand that is because it is not yet released on DVD—the proud producers of this box set would not bother to transfer VHS into DVD, they can always wait. And once it is released, they can produce another box set (estimate to be at least 10 discs) the complement this one. In fact, there is rumor circulating that either criterion or Fassbinder Foundation is going to produce such a monster in 2007—monster in the eyes of many, not for Chinese collectors.


edit

侯孝贤研究的几个问题


个人体验在作品中的位置。早期作品中使用个人成长经历这不足为奇,难得的是侯竟然能够毫无障碍地使用其他人的经历,比如冬冬,用的是朱天文;恋恋风尘,用得是吴念真的,尼罗河和好男好女,分别用了杨林和伊能静的过去,而再见南国,则是高捷的故事。如侯所说,构成故事总是人物先行,而和其他作者导演不同的是,这个人物很少是他自己。

风格演化。一个作者对一种风格,特别是那种成熟的,原创的,高度成功的风格的依赖是有目共睹的。侯有这种风格,他的标志特征是固定镜位和高度密集的场景调度。这两者都非他所首创,但这两样加在一起,形成目前的效果,当世不作第二人想。奇怪的是,自从好男好女,侯的摄影机开始动得很厉害。虽然,这个“动仍然是有“动机”的(我相信侯反对引起观众对摄影机本身运动的觉察),但毕竟是动了。因此,在他以前重量作品的背景下,这种移动现在看来颇有几分试验色彩。当然,对这种变化,我首先是佩服他的勇气,其次再有一些怀疑。因为其实对一种风格的把握不一定要有什么见习的过程,风柜的从一楼跳到八楼就是最好的例子。这就直接导致一种猜测,就是说,目前的这种动是侯为了适应都市题材所作的本能应变,但不管怎样,还是没找着感觉。也许,我们需要等待一本能够成功勾勒都市生活的沈从文的出现。

凝结时空。风柜的风格来自于沈从文的自传,这个例子我不厌烦一再重复,就是因为他揭示一个根本道理,对于一个导演来说,一部影片最根本的是一种感觉。没有感觉在后面指导,片子还能照拍,但是艺术上不可能成形。冬冬这个片子成功延续这种感觉,在加上对背景的体会(在别人的背景中融入自己的),终于使侯体会到“凝结时空”的大道理。如侯自己所说:

像《冬冬的假期》有一场戏,是冬冬到乡下,跟着村里的小孩玩,爬到树上,有个疯子过来,所有的小孩都跑光了,他一个人待在树上看,整个乡间景色一望而去, 稻田因风的吹拂而摇晃着――这是我小时候在凤山去县长公馆院子偷采芒果的经验:那是间日式房子,我父亲担任合作社主任时住在县政府宿舍,我们就是从 这儿上去偷采芒果,不是偷采完就赶快溜,而是先在树上吃,等吃得差不多才开始采;在树上吃的时候,时间的速度感觉会变得很慢,注意力不自觉地变得非常强: 可以很深地感受到人的活动:脚踏车嘎嘎的声音、人开门出来院子又进去的声音、风在摇、蝉鸣声……

这个故事侯在Assayas的纪录片中有讲到,而且还特意带他去看了这个凤山县长公馆(当时已经拆掉),并画出偷芒果路线图,可见这段经历对侯的重要。

拍电影就是寻求一种凝结的时空,或者说,寻求一种凝结时空的手段。侯为什么能凝结风柜和冬冬里面的时空?就是因为他爬到了树上。从这个角度看,为什么侯孝贤拍都市生活还是不灵?根本原因就是还没能找到这棵树,这个能真正凝结这种时空的手段。在车里,在夜总会,在卡拉OK厅,你感觉到时间停滞了吗?我是从来没有的。最好的时光第三段就是失败的典型。这个明显是从概念上生造的东西,属于缺乏对生活真正体会(但是又有一定艺术追求)的人最经常制造的,满街都是,不想居然也出自老侯的手笔,实在是。。。不过这个片子的缘起据侯自己说是这样的:

拍《最好的时光》时,其实我已经有一段时间没申请辅导金,因为我自己可以在国外找资金,辅导金的机会就让给年轻人,但这次我是带领两个年轻人一起申请。 过后,因为大家都忙,拖着拖着,转眼到了200412月,20054月就得交片,时间上根本来不及。原本大家打算放弃,不过一旦放弃就得赔补助金额的 百分之十,我不愿浪费,就由我拍了。这部也是以形式为主的电影,拍了这么多想从形式上着手求改变的电影,感觉已拍得差不多,我想以后所拍的片子将会有很大 的不一样,不再从形式着眼,而是从内容一步步来。

附侯孝贤作品年表:

片名

出品

编剧

摄影

1980

就是溜溜的她

金世纪

侯孝贤

陈坤厚

又称“商业三部曲”

1981

风儿踢踏踩

金世纪

侯孝贤

陈坤厚

1982

在那河边青青草

东大

侯孝贤

陈坤厚

1983

儿子的大玩偶

中影

吴念真,原著黄春明

陈坤厚

风柜来的人

万年青

朱天文

陈坤厚

乡土三部曲侯的最高成就

1984

冬冬的假期

万宝路

朱天文

陈坤厚

1985

童年往事

中影

朱天文 侯孝贤

李屏宾

1986

恋恋风尘

中影

吴念真朱天文

李屏宾

台湾新电影的天鹅之歌

1987

尼罗河的女儿

学甫

朱天文

陈怀恩

1989

悲情城市

年代影视

朱天文 吴念真

陈怀恩

1993

戏梦人生

欢乐无限

朱天文 吴念真

李屏宾

资金短缺的九十年代,总共才出四部片。

1995

好男好女

HHH

朱天文,原著: 蒋碧玉 蓝博洲

陈怀恩

1996

南国再见,南国

HHH

朱天文

陈怀恩李屏宾

1998

海上花

HHH

朱天文,原著:韩子云 注释:张爱玲

李屏宾

2001

千禧幔波

HHH

朱天文

李屏宾

回复正轨两年一片

2003

咖啡时光

松竹映画

朱天文

李屏宾

2005

最好的时光

HHH

朱天文

李屏宾

2007

红气球

Margo Films

李屏宾

HHH:侯孝贤电影社,后改称侯孝贤映像制作有限公司。

另:所有影片剪辑一向是廖庆松,声音永远是杜笃之。


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1982 Taiwan


1982年对于台湾电影来说是一个关键年。由光阴的故事拉开序幕的十年间,一系列从内容到形式全新的电影几乎是空降般进入视野。从作品的密集程度而言,完全可以媲美任何国家的新浪潮, 以下是我的不完全统计:

1982

杨德昌、陶德辰、柯一 正、张毅

光阴的故事

In Our Time

1983

侯孝贤、曾壮祥、万仁

儿子的大玩偶

Sandwich man

侯孝贤

风柜来的人

Boys fom Fengkuei

杨德昌

海滩的一天

That Day, on the Beach

陈坤厚

小毕的故事

Growing Up

万仁

油麻菜籽

Ah Fei

王童

看海的日子

A Flower in the Rainy Night

1984

侯孝贤

冬冬的假期

A Summer at Grandpa’s

王童

策马入林

Run away

柯一正

我爱玛丽

I Love Mary

张毅

玉卿嫂

Madame Yu-Ching

李祐宁

老莫的第二个春天

Lao Mo’s second spring

1985

侯孝贤

童年往事

A time to live a time to die

杨德昌

青梅竹马

Taipei Story

曾壮祥

殺夫

The Woman of Wrath

张毅

我这样过了一生

Kuei-Mei, a woman

1986

侯孝贤

恋恋风尘

Dust in the wind

杨德昌

恐怖分子

The Terrorist

张毅

我的爱

This love of mine

柯一正

我们都是这样长大的

Reunion

1987

侯孝贤

尼罗河的女儿

Daughter of Nile

王童

稻草人

Straw man

1989

侯孝贤

悲情城市

City of sadness

1991

杨德昌

牯岭街少年杀人事件

A Brighter Summer Day

1992

蔡明亮

青少年哪吒

Rebels of the Neon God

王童

无言的山丘

Hill of No Return

这样一件盛事,史称台湾新电影运动。

台湾新电影之所以引人注目,首先在于它把脸转过来,重新审视社会。而在此之前,台湾影坛所泛滥的,无非是国民革命的大制作(台湾“主旋律”)以及廉价的文艺片(以琼瑶作品为代表)。台湾新电影所提倡的,乃是用一种当下的台湾体验来代替官方版本的历史陈述以及刻意美化过的生活。而这些,有史为鉴,恰如意大利新现实主义对其之前的“白色电话风气的决裂。中国大陆的电影,就在若干年以前,也不外是这个局面。乍看起来,大陆电影那时好像很热闹,有大决战,有红高粱,也有还珠格格;但大陆当下的社会现状,那时屏幕上是看不到的。长此以往,观众习惯于这样一种扭曲的现实,反而会觉得电影就应该如此,应该和社会现实拉开距离。

当然,应该看到,在82-84年间,尽管新电影在评论界取得成功,但其“复苏台湾电影”的初衷则远远没有达成。只有最初的三部影片,光阴的故事儿子的大玩偶小毕的故事在票房上取得满意的成果,其他影片无一例外地赔钱。虽然其后的两年仍然有更多的此类电影面世,但票房失败直接导致了这个运动的迅速流产。1987年初,新电影的干将们发布了一个联合宣言,现在被认为是标志了新电影运动的正式结束。自此以后,除了候孝贤的尼罗河的女儿悲情城市,王童的稻草人香蕉天堂,陈坤厚的桂花巷春秋茶室,其他人的电影工作都或多或少地搁浅。曾壮祥,张毅淡出电影界,杨德昌,柯一正,万仁等人要等到九十年代初才得以拍摄下一部影片。

新电影运动的早衰,不是因为从艺术上已经走到了道路的尽头,而是在处理资金和市场的关系上迅速走向了阳春白雪。解决这个问题主要有两个方案,一个是跨出台湾岛的局限,寻求亚洲区域的合作(主要是香港),二是走国际电影节路线。候孝贤是这两个方案的成功实施者。尽管候的电影始终坚持植根于台湾本土文化,但从1987年后,候孝贤正式和国际接轨,其资金来源不再单纯。候保持了继续产出,代价就是现在因为资金来源复杂,产出频度明显降低。

回顾新电影在票房取得成功的几部作品,可以看出,在艺术电影发行体制尚未完善之前,艺术影片在市场存活的几个可能无法是以下几种:新鲜感,社会争议,巧合。光阴的故事作为始作俑者,其形式和内容都让观众耳目一新,所以尽管这部影片在艺术成就上逊色于后期其他作品,观众仍然投以热烈的回报;儿子的大玩偶,要不是因为“削苹果事件”,恐怕也不会有当时的反响;至于小毕的故事,据说是因为当时没有同档影片上市,所以得以保持较长的面世时间。

后记:

张毅:87年退出电影界,与杨惠姗共组琉璃工房。

陶德辰:其他作品還有《單車與我》(1984)、《福德正神》(1986),淡出。

曾壯祥:改行教书,现任台湾艺术大学电影学系系主任。

万仁:继续其社会反讽的手法,分别于1985年,1996年和1999年完成包括《超級市民》《超級大國 民》和《超級公民》的「台灣三部曲」。

陳坤厚:1985年与侯孝賢分道扬镳。其後執導《最想念的季節》(1985)、《結婚》 1985)、《流浪少年路》(1986)、《桂花巷》(1987)、《春秋茶室》(1988)等。1989年後轉往電視圈.

王童:长期在中影担任美术工作,最后作品为《红柿子》(95),《自由门神》(01),02年后转入动画片制作。

柯一正:87年后基本转入电视圈。

宁:86年后重点作教学及组织管理工作。

参见:台湾电影笔记。http://movie.cca.gov.tw/PEOPLE/people_director.asp?id=1


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侯孝贤来了



秋去冬来,本埠迎来侯孝贤回顾展,因为学期已经结束,所以基本上是每场必到。有时一个晚上要连看三部老侯,实在是自己都觉得自己不简单。

有几部早期作品是以前没看过的,先说说这个三部曲:

就是溜溜的她,风儿踢踏踩,在那河畔青草青

从类型上,这三部片子都是轻喜剧(一望可知,这都是歌名),而且基本沿用一个班底,钟镇涛,凤飞飞(后来换成江玲),陈坤厚监制兼摄影。除了第三部颇为无聊,是纯粹的儿童片以外,前两部其实都很有意思,显露出老侯确实是有才能的导演,虽然要依照常规,但总能翻出新意,说句莫名其妙的话,俗气也俗得颇为不俗。

风柜来的人是侯导真正开始搞艺术,这个一向是我的最爱,特别是前三十分钟,百看不腻。到了高雄以后,虽然还是很精彩,但总觉得少了点什么。

冬冬的假期是第二步重量之作。在艺术上接近完美。

在风柜和冬冬之间,侯导还曾经拍过一部儿子的大玩偶。这是一部合集影片,由三个约半小时风格各异的短片组成,都是由黄春明小说改编。从模式上,是要承袭前一年(1982光阴的故事 (陶德辰 楊德昌 柯一正 張毅)的成功经验。候负责第一部,其他两部分由曾壮祥和万仁执导。

候的部分很沮丧,情节略显单薄,也谈不上有什么人物的心理深度。基本的情绪是压抑,是一种接近痛恨社会的绝望,在老侯这里是比较奇怪的。

第二部叫小琪的那顶帽子,从叙事的完整性来讲,这个比较出色。不仅如此,这个故事要讲什么,不是能够很清晰地标定出来(我是一向把这作为一个优点的)。这位当兵回来的年轻人如此着迷于小姑娘,实在是很纳博科夫,不知道当初的台湾社会有没有觉得不健康。

最后的故事叫苹果的滋味。话说某农民进城(连同他的五个孩子),指望有什么好运气降临到自己身上,从而改善生活,没想到天刚蒙蒙亮就被车把腿撞断。奇怪的是,这确实成了一个好运气,因为撞到他的是美国某上校,不光赔了他大把的钱,还把他们家哑巴女儿送去美国念书。整个电影表现的就是这些劳工所住的贫民窟和美国海军医院的强烈差异。

这三个故事的共同点有二:一个是真实,儿子的大玩偶基本上就是意大利新现实主义了,小琪的故事比较个人化,但也有一个时代背景,个人是在时代变迁里挣扎求存。至于最后那个,一系列角色,妻子,外事警察,甚至美国上校,都表现得很到位,不乏风格化,但绝对没有过头。

另一个共性就是对社会的批判意识。在这一点上台湾是中国圈最超前的,香港落后一拍,还要等陈果的三部曲。大陆则现在刚刚开始(感谢贾樟柯的世界,王小帅的二弟,王超的日日夜夜江城夏日,李阳的盲井)。最奇怪的就是大陆导演都好像喜欢单干,暗地里拧着一把劲(有人觉得自己最红,有人觉得自己资格最老,还有人可能觉得自己最贫民),为什么大家从来不考虑弄个合集?


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Alain Resnais and Nouvelle Vague

Much has been said about the nouvelle vague. It is certainly a movement associated with social-economical situations throughout Europe and Japan, as noted by Bordwell (517), since it is echoed all over many other countries than France. But its status in film history is particularly marked by its acute awareness of methodology and keen cinematic innovations. In opposition to their precedents John Ford, Howard Hawks and many others who rely on a spontaneity specific to the cinematic medium, who show a fine craftsmanship in terms of mise-en-scene, the directors of the nouvelle vague have adopted a more systematic approach of cinematic power and its ideological possibilities .

Although these directors can be regarded as sharing certain common interests and concerns, there is no denying that individual film maker does approach his/her material differently. Bordwell put it correctly, “nothing could be further from Truffaut’s accommodating attitude to his audience than Godard’s assault on sense and senses” (447). If the above two exemplify two extremes, then Alain Resnais’s approach can be said “well-balanced” in the sense that it is neither accommodating nor assaultive – it shows considerable innovations without unnecessary aggressiveness.

Perhaps Resnais is better situated under the category of the Left Bank, a glorious Parisian tradition of uniting the verbal (novelists, poets) and the visual (film makers, painters), since the recognition of the power of words is essential in almost all Resnais’s work. He tends to use voice over with explicit literariness to accompany meticulously constructed visual compositions, fluid camera movements and effective montages. This trait can be found in all his films[1], especially the three most influential ones: Nuit et brouillard (55), Hiroshima Mon Amour(59), L’Année Dernière à Marienbad (61).

Apparently, this overt didactic feature is shared by Chris Marker. But in Resnais’s films the written discourse is needed in a different perspective. Resnais has to no intention to conduct a moral criticism or cultural observation, as Chris Marker persists. The voice over narration as Resnais sees it on the one hand counterbalances the sensory impact of the images, and on the other hand seeks to reestablish the intentionally disrupted continuity of the images. And this sonic richness can be by no means derived from a disorienting naturalness, as we see, for example, in an Antonioni film, partly because it needs to be distinct, continuous, carefully written. In consequence Resnais always prefers, or rather insists, to cooperate with a novelist (or poet, depend on the length needed). All his projects are accomplished this way (see following list for his some of his films and the writers behind it):

Guernica (1950)

Paul Eluard

Les statues meurent aussi (1953)

Chris Marker

Nuit et Brouillard (1955)

Jean Cayrol

Le chant du styrène (1958)

Raymond Quneau

Hiroshima Mon amour (1959)

Maguerite Duras

L’année dernière à Marienbad (1961)[2]

Alain Robbe-Grillet

Muriel (1963)

Jean Cayrol

La guerre est finie (1966)

Jorge Semprun

Je t’aime je t’aime (1968)

Jacques Sternberg

Another distinct characteristic of Resnais’s thematic approach is his reflexive manipulation of cinematic time. In this respect, most of the new wave directors can be said too conventional (with of course the exception of Godard) compared to Resnais. The ultimate object of a Resnais film is nothing but the narrative time itself. In his films there is no other issue more urgent and prominent than the various possibilities of time in the process of revealing itself.

As for visual aspects, Resnais’s position differs from most new wave directors in his opposition to an objective realism. First of all, Resnais never intended any of his frames to be causal, as we often witness in Truffaut and Godard’s film, to be a blunt statement of the director’s social-economical-cultural observations. Consequently we do not see any rough documentary-like camera usage, even though Resnais did have experience in the documentary genre, whereas neither Truffaut nor Godard did not. Secondly, in terms of long-takes, according to Bordwell “one of the major stylistic trends of the postwar era” (440), Resnais is also an exception. Probably exempt from Bazin’s influences, Resnais never favors long-takes. In fact, even if he wanted to, long-take as an aesthetic choice would be incompatible with the rest of his cinematic devices. For one thing, long take seeks to preserve the temporal-spatial continuity thus render a higher version of realism, claimed Bazin. But for Resnais, a superficial realism is probably the first thing he needs to get rid of. He has to break the surface integrity to pieces first and then achieve, so to speak, a psychological realism.



[1] This generalization will of course have to exclude the musical, a genre Resnais dwelled on in his later life. Although it still involves a dense combination of words and images, I would not venture to claim that the lyrics of a musical is in any way literary. Again, this late-coming enthusiasm can be attributed to the influence of a group member and close friend, Jacques Demy.

[2] Resnais is highly specific about certain qualities of the collaborator. After Hiroshima, when hunting for new scenario, he expressed his preference for a female writer (not Duras this time). As a matter of fact, the top two names on his candidate list are Sagan and Yourcenar. It was only after seeing Robbe-Grillet’s script that he found the new direction possible and interesting. This anecdote illustrates very well that it is not just any literature that Resnais wanted in his films, but a certain “voice”.


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